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If foxing affects the study value of a specimen (e.g. Type specimens should – if at all possible – not be altered in any way. It is generally not advisable to repair study specimens, except perhaps for mechanical damage. This can usually remove the effects of foxing while leaving text and images intact. Each method risks side effects or damage to the paper or ink.Īnother method is to scan the image and process that image using a high-level image processing program. High humidity may contribute to foxing.įoxed documents can be repaired, with greater or lesser success, using sodium borohydride, proprietary bleaches, dilute hydrogen peroxide or lasers. It is possible that multiple factors are involved. Another theory is that foxing is caused by the effect on certain papers of the oxidation of iron, copper, or other substances in the pulp or rag from which the paper was made. One theory is that foxing is caused by a fungal growth on the paper. The causes of foxing are not well understood.
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Paper so affected is said to be "foxed".Īlthough unsightly and a negative factor in the value of the paper item for collectors, foxing does not affect the actual integrity of the paper.įoxing also occurs in biological study skins or specimens, as an effect of chemical reactions or mold on melanin.įoxing can also be intentionally added to clothing to give it an aged appearance.Īside from foxing, other types of age-related paper deterioration include destruction of the lignin by sunlight and absorbed atmospheric pollution, typically causing the paper to become brown and crumble at the edges, and acid-related damage to cheap paper such as newsprint, which is manufactured without neutralizing acidic contaminants. The name may derive from the fox-like reddish-brown color of the stains, or the rust chemical ferric oxide which may be involved. Heavy foxing on the title page of an 1832 textbookįoxing is an age-related process of deterioration that causes spots and browning on old paper documents such as books, postage stamps, old paper money and certificates.